Transformer coupler for communication over various lines

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for electrical line communication includes a transmitter, a receiver, a modem, and a coupler at each of two or more locations along an electrical line. The couplers have capacitive circuits serially connected with an air-core transformer. The capacitive circuits resonate with the air-core transformer at a preselected frequency. A novel phase linear coupler eliminates noise and is matched resistively to the characteristic impedance of the line at the preselected frequency, which linearizes communication on the line and allows high speed data and voice communication over long distances.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.08/818,817, filed Mar. 14, 1997, which is a continuation in part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/458,229, filed Jun. 20, 1995, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/822,329, filed Jan.17, 1992 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 07/515,578, filed Apr. 26, 1990 (now abandoned),which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.07/429,208, filed Oct. 30, 1989 (now abandoned), which is a continuationin part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/344,907, filed Apr. 28,1989 (now abandoned), the entire disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to power system communications,and more particularly to apparatus capable of simultaneouslytransmitting and receiving digital data signals both at high rates andover long distances through power lines and power line transformers,including AC, DC, coaxial cables, and twisted pair lines.

“Power-line Carriers” are well known in the field-of power systemcommunications. The principal elements of such power-line carriers aretransmitting and receiving terminals, which include one or more linetraps, one or more coupling capacitors, and tuning and couplingequipment. Detailed information regarding the description and typicalcomposition of conventional power-line carriers may be found inFundamentals Handbook of Electrical and Computer Engineering Volume II:Communication Control Devices and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 1983, pp617-627, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Asignificant problem associated with prior art power-line carriers istheir requirement for one or more line traps, one or more capacitors,one or more coupling transformers or carrier frequency hybrid circuitsand frequency connection cables.

All traditional couplers incorporate a ferrite or iron core transformerwhich causes signal distortion due to the non-linear phasecharacteristic of the transfer function between the transmit coupler andthe receive coupler. The distortion is created by the presence ofmagnetic core material which exhibits hysteresis. For distributionpower-line carriers, the distortion -is particularly severe because thesignal must propagate through at least three such non-linear devices,the distribution transformer and two power-line couplers, that useferrite core transformers. The distortion caused by these non-lineardevices leads to envelope delay distortion, which limits communicationspeeds.

A line with a characteristic impedance Zo is ideally matched byterminations equal to Zo at both ends. Since Zo is primarily resistiveat the frequencies of interest, the input impedance of the couplersshould also be primarily resistive and equal to Zo at the carrierfrequencies. A general configuration to achieve this is shown in FIG. 4.FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a phase shift linear coupler of thepresent invention. The coupler uses a serially connected equivalentcapacitor, Ceq, on the primary of a transformer. The design is based ontwo principles. First, the resonance between the coupling capacitor,Ceq, and the primary winding inductance, L1, provides a low resistiveimpedance at the desired transmit carrier frequency. Second, Ceq has alarge enough impedance at 60 Hz to block the line frequency. Althoughthis basic approach is not new, previous efforts at achievingsatisfactory impedance matching encountered problems, as discussedbelow.

The major shortcoming of previous designs resulted from the use offerrite or-iron core transformers in the signal couplers. Theinductance, L1, is altered to some unknown value due to thenon-linearity of the core. This results in a mistuning of the desiredcarrier frequency. Also, the impedance of the primary winding at thedesired carrier frequency is no longer purely resistive. This may leadto a mismatch with respect to the line characteristic impedance. Inrecognition of this fact, other designs (FIGS. 1, 2) attempt to merelycouple a signal onto a power line with a low transceiver input impedanceby using a large coupling capacitor (approx. 0.5 uF). This results in asignificant coupling loss of up to 20 dB at the carrier frequency. FIG.3 is a graphical illustration of the frequency response characteristicsof a traditional coupler which uses a magnetic-core transformer.

In view of the above, it is an object of the present invention toprovide a power line communications apparatus which utilizes a novelphase shift linear power, phone, twisted pair, and coaxial line couplerfor both transmission and reception. It is a further object of thepresent invention to provide power-line communication apparatusutilizing novel air-core transformers which can be used for phone line,coaxial, LAN and power line communication through power linetransformers. It is an additional object of the present invention toprovide a power line communication apparatus in which the primary coilof the transformer resonates with an associated coupling capacitornetwork in order to achieve resistive matching to approximately thelowest known value of the line characteristic impedance and to maximizestable signal transmission onto the line. This resonance effectivelycreates a band pass filter at carrier frequency.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly stated, in a first embodiment, the present invention is acommunications apparatus for communicating electrical signals through anelectrical line having a characteristic impedance. The communicationsapparatus comprises:

modulator means for modulating the electrical signals to produce amodulated carrier signal having a first preselected frequency;

transmitter means having an output impedance, electrically connected tosaid modulator means for transmitting the modulated carrier signal; and

first coupler means connected between the electrical line and thetransmitter means for matching the output impedance of said transmittermeans to the characteristic impedance of the electrical line, whereinthe first preselected frequency is less than 90 Khz and has a linearphase bandwidth of approximately 7 Khz.

In a second embodiment, the present invention is a communicationsapparatus for communicating electrical signals through an electricalline having a characteristic impedance. The apparatus comprises:

modulator means for modulating the electrical signals to produce amodulated carrier signal having a first preselected frequency;

transmitter means having an output impedance, electrically connected tosaid modulator means for transmitting the modulated carrier signal;

first coupler means connected between the electrical line and thetransmitter means for matching the output impedance of said transmittermeans to the characteristic impedance of the electrical line, said firstcoupler means comprising linear phase means for communicating themodulated carrier signal to the electrical line without significantphase distortion and capacitor means for resonating with the linearphase means at the first preselected frequency;

receiver means having an input impedance for receiving the modulatedcarrier signal;

demodulator means electrically connected to said receiver means fordemodulating said modulated carrier signal to produce a demodulatedcarrier signal having-a second preselected frequency; and

second coupler means connected between the electrical line and thereceiver means for matching the input impedance-of said receiver meansto the characteristic impedance of the electrical line, said secondcoupler means comprising linear phase means for communicating themodulated carrier signal to the receiver means without significant phasedistortion and capacitor means for resonating with the linear phasemeans at the second preselected frequency.

In a third embodiment, the present invention is a communicationapparatus for communicating electrical signals through a pair ofelectrical lines having a characteristic impedance. The apparatuscomprises:

first modem means for producing a modulated carrier signal having afirst preselected frequency and demodulating a modulated carrier signalhaving a second preselected frequency;

first transmitter means having an output impedance, connected to thefirst modem means for transmitting the modulated carrier signal at thefirst preselected frequency;

first receiver means having an input impedance, connected to the firstmodem means for receiving the modulated carrier signal having the secondpreselected frequency;

first coupler means connected between the pair of electrical lines andsaid first transmitter and receiver means for matching the impedance ofsaid means to the characteristic impedance of the pair of electricallines and for communicating the carrier signals without substantialphase distortion;

second modem means for producing a modulated carrier signal having thesecond preselected frequency and demodulating a modulated carrier signalhaving the first preselected frequency;

second transmitter means having an output impedance, connected to thesecond modem means, for transmitting the modulated carrier signal at thesecond preselected frequency;

second receiver means having an input impedance connected to the secondmodem means, for receiving the modulated carrier signal having the firstpreselected frequency; and

second coupler means connected between the electrical lines and saidsecond transmitter and receiver means for matching the impedance of saiddevices to the characteristic impedance of the electrical lines and forcommunicating the carrier signals without substantial phase distortion.

In a fourth embodiment, the present invention is a communicationapparatus for communicating electrical signals through a pair ofelectrical lines having a characteristic impedance. The apparatuscomprises:

first modem means for producing a modulated carrier signal having afirst preselected frequency and demodulating a modulated carrier signalhaving a second preselected frequency;

first transmitter means having an output impedance, connected to thefirst modem means, for transmitting the modulated carrier signal at thefirst preselected frequency;

first receiver means having an input impedance, connected to the firstmodem means, for receiving the modulated carrier signal having thesecond preselected frequency;

first coupler means connected between the pair of electrical lines andsaid first transmitter and receiver means for matching the impedance ofsaid first transmitter and receiver means to the characteristicimpedance of the pair of electrical lines, said first coupler meanscomprising two LCR circuits, each of the LCR circuits comprising atleast one capacitor and at least one resistor connected in parallel toeach other and in series to the pair of electrical lines and a linearphase means for communicating the carrier signals without significantphase distortion;

second modem means for producing a modulated carrier signal having thesecond preselected frequency and demodulating a modulated carrier signalhaving the first preselected frequency;

second transmitter means having an output impedance, connected to thesecond modem means, for transmitting the modulated carrier signal at thesecond preselected frequency;

second receiver means having an input impedance, connected to the secondmodem means, for receiving the modulated carrier signal having the firstpreselected frequency;

second coupler means connected between the pair of electrical lines andsaid second transmitter and receiver means for matching the impedance ofsaid second transmitter and receiver means to the characteristicimpedance of the pair of electrical lines, said second coupler meanscomprising two LCR circuits, each of the LCR circuits comprising atleast one capacitor and at least one resistor connected in parallel toeach other and in series to the pair of electrical lines and a linearphase means for communicating the carrier signals without significantphase distortion.

In yet a fifth embodiment, the present invention is a communicationsapparatus for communicating electrical signals through an electricalline having a characteristic impedance comprising:

modulator means for modulating the electrical signals to produce amodulated carrier signal having a preselected frequency;

transmitter means having an output impedance, connected to the modulatormeans for transmitting the modulated carrier signal;

first coupler means connected between the electrical line and thetransmitter means for matching the output impedance of the transmittermeans to the characteristic impedance of the electrical line, the firstcoupler means comprising linear phase means for communicating themodulated carrier signal to the electrical line without substantialphase distortion and capacitor means for resonating with the linearphase means at the preselected frequency;

demodulator means for demodulating the carrier signal on the electricallines to produce a demodulated carrier signal having the preselectedfrequency;

receiver means having an input impedance connected to the demodulatormeans for receiving the modulated carrier signal;

second coupler means connected between the electrical line and thereceiver means for matching the input impedance of the receiver means tothe characteristic impedance of the electrical line, the second couplermeans comprising linear phase means for communicating the modulatedcarrier signal to the receiver means without substantial phasedistortion and capacitor means for resonating with the linear phasemeans at the preselected frequency, wherein the linear phase means foreach of the first and second coupler means comprises air-coretransformer means comprising a primary coil having a first diameter, asecondary coil having a second smaller diameter, the secondary coilextending coaxially within the primary coil such that an air-gap iscreated between the primary and the secondary coils, and capacitor meansconnected between the primary coil and the electrical line wherein theprimary coil and the capacitor means are matched to the characteristicimpedance of the electrical line at a preselected bandwidth, wherein theprimary coil includes a resistive component, and wherein for half duplexcommunications, the resistive component of the primary coil connected tothe transmitter means is around 1 ohm and the resistive component of theprimary coil connected to the receiver means is around 1 ohm.

In a sixth embodiment, the present invention is a communicationapparatus for communicating electrical signals through an electricalline having a characteristic impedance, the apparatus comprising:

modulator means for modulating the electrical signals to produce amodulated carrier signal having a preselected frequency;

transmitter means having an output impedance, connected to the modulatormeans for transmitting the modulated carrier signal; and

first coupler means connected between the electrical line and thetransmitter means for matching the output impedance of the transmittermeans to the characteristic impedance of the electrical line, the firstcoupler means comprising linear phase means for communicating themodulated carrier signal to the electrical line without substantialphase distortion and capacitor means for resonating with the linearphase means at the preselected frequency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art duplexing coupler on a lowvoltage power line;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prior art duplexing coupler on ahigh-voltage power line;

FIG. 3 is a graphical illustration of the frequency characteristics of aprior art serial LC coupler;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a phase shift linear coupler of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of the frequency characteristics ofthe phase shift linear coupler of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a power-line communicationapparatus in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6A is a schematic block diagram of a power-line communicationapparatus in accordance with the present invention including power-linetransformers;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of first coupling means in accordance withthe present invention, which corresponds to the coupling TA-RB shown inFIGS. 6 and 6A;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of second coupling means in accordancewith the present invention, which corresponds to the coupling TB-RBshown in FIGS. 6 and 6A;

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate a coaxially extended air-core transformerwith a coupling capacitor in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9C illustrates a half duplexing coupler in accordance with thepresent invention for data communications through distributiontransformers;

FIG. 10A is a schematic diagram corresponding to the modulatorFA/demodulator FB shown in FIG. 6;

FIG. 10B is a schematic diagram of an alternative modulatorFA/demodulator FB for the system in FIG. 6.

FIG. 10C is a schematic diagram of an FSK decoder phase lock loop whichcan function as the modulator/demodulator circuit of FIG. 6;

FIG. 10D is a schematic diagram of a primary phase lock loop of FIG.10A;

FIG. 10E is a schematic block diagram of an FM power line communicationssystem according to the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a transmitter in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a receiver used in conjunction withthe transmitter shown in FIG. 11, in the power-line communication ofdata signals over long distances;

FIG. 12A is a schematic diagram of a receiver which can be used for highspeed communications;

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a coupling for a power line from phaseto ground;

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a three phase coupling to the powerline, three phases to ground;

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a two phase coupling connection to thepower line, phase to phase;

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of a three phase transformer coupling ofthe type predominantly used in Europe;

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of a one phase transformer coupling ofthe type generally used in the United States;

FIG. 18 is a schematic block diagram of a spread spectrumtransmitter/receiver in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 18A is a block diagram of a power line spread spectrum receiver;

FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a phase shift keyingmodulator/demodulator which can be utilized with the present invention;

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit model for apower-line carrier communication system with resistive matching to thepower line characteristic impedance by the coupler;

FIG. 21 is a graph of power line attenuation versus carrier frequency ona 35 KVAC power line for a 20 KM distance;

FIG. 22 is a schematic block diagram of an electric meter reading systemincorporating the communication system of the present invention whichmay be implemented by a public utility;

FIG. 22A is a block diagram illustrating the use of the couplers of thepresent invention within a LAN linked by power lines or conventionalphone lines;

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of the system of FIG. 22 as applied to amultiplicity of substations;

FIG. 24 is a simplified block diagram of the system of FIG. 22;

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of a power line communication system; and

FIG. 26 is a schematic circuit diagram-of an equivalent electricalcircuit of the communications apparatus of the present inventionelectrically connected to an electrical line.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention presents a solution to the fundamental problem ofmatching the electrical line characteristic impedance with the linecoupler. The present invention, characterized in FIG. 4, has two coaxialsolenoids or air-coils of different diameter with primary and secondaryinductances L1 and L2 respectively. Both L1 and L2 are inductively andcapacitively coupled creating an air-core transformer (see FIG. 9A).Preferably, the air-gap is filled with resin which insulates the ACcurrent from the transceiver. That is, filling the air gap with resinreduces inductive loading effects from the coupler secondary to theprimary by using the capacitance created in the air core transformer.The size of the gap is selected to reduce inductive loading effects fromthe coupler secondary to the primary. A coupling capacitor, Ceq, isprovided which is significantly larger than a static capacitor, Cs (FIG.20), so that the static capacitor does not mistune the desired carrierfrequency.

Inductive loading effects from the secondary to primary of the air-coretransformer are minimized at the transmit frequency. The effectivetransceiver input, as seen at the primary, is equal to the resistance ofthe primary winding (Rt or Rr). This value can be chosen to optimallymatch the line characteristic. When Zo equals the resistance (Rt) of theprimary winding of the air-core transformer, about 25% of the sourcepower can be coupled into the line through the power line coupler. Notethat Zo varies between 5 and 150 ohms on distribution lines and 1 and 20Ohms on 120/240V network lines depending on loading conditions. Sinceinsertion loss increases rapidly for termination impedances where theprimary winding impedance is greater than Zo (as compared to primarywinding impedance less than Zo), a prudent design choice is to use avalue of primary winding resistance approximately equal to the minimumvalue of the line characteristic impedance, Zo.

The advantage of an air-core transformer in the novel coupler isexhibited by the frequency response shown in FIG. 5. There is aconsiderably greater bandwidth around the center frequency whencomparing it to the response of a traditional coupler which uses amagnetic-core transformer (FIG. 3).

A significant reduction of 60 Hz harmonics are observed at the secondaryside of the novel coupler. This reduction can exceed 20 dB over a wideband. Most noise generated on power lines by AC motors and equipment hasa large reactive source impedance. This type of noise experiencessignificant loss through the novel couplers due to the coupler's lowresistive impedance at or around the carrier frequency of thetransmission or reception. In contrast, the transfer characteristic offerrite or iron core couplers typically has a high Q (FIG. 3), which isadvantageous in theory for reducing the effects of the harmonics outsidethe bandwidth, but in actuality constrains the useful transmissionbandwidth of the power-line carrier and does not provide noiseattenuation inside the bandwidth. The wide bandwidth noise rejection ofthe novel coupler obviates the need for a sinx/x type receive filter forharmonic rejection. This implies that no separate receiver is required,other than the coupler, for high speed transmission.

Another significant aspect of the design is the phase linearityachieved. The matching of the line impedance and the use of air-coretransformers are responsible for the amount of phase linearity achieved.In fact, the phase response of the overall transmission system is linearover a very wide range of frequencies. This implies that almost anydesired frequency range can be selected for communication. Also,standing waves are virtually suppressed due to the low resistivematching at both ends of the line. The peak amplitude of the firstreflection is around 40 mV, which is small compared to the transmittedsignal amplitude of a few volts. Setting the receiver threshold above 40mV can eliminate any remaining source errors. There is also anelimination of standing waves on the line. This implies that there areno antinodes, places where the magnitude of the standing wave is zeroand no transmission can occur, at points on the line situated at oddmultiples of lambda/4 away from the end of the line.

The other practical advantage of the air-core coupler is that thetransmitted signal level into the power line or electrical line is aboutthe same at every outlet (time and location independent) due to the lowresistive matching to the electrical line characteristic impedance at apre-selected carrier frequency. Consequently, a low radiation emissionlevel is the same from every outlet as well. Effecting a low radiationemission level is very important to meet the FCC 15.31 (d) requirementsfor transmissions above 1.7 MHz. The usage of a ferrite coupler does notprovide such low resistive matching to the power line characteristicimpedance and thus, the radiation emission level that can be measured istime and location dependent and is in the large range (typicallymeasured at the same transmission level about 6 to 30 dB higher then theallowed FCC limit).

The best frequency range 120/240 V power lines is 70-160 Khz (thisincludes LAN operations). For data transmission through power linetransformers the optimal frequency is the 25-45 Khz band. For very highspeed LAN applications a frequency range of 70-480 Khz is preferred.Finally, the novel coupler of the present invention is equallyapplicable to any voltage AC, DC, phone, twisted pair or coaxial line.

In accordance with the present invention, apparatus for power-linecommunications is disclosed. The power-line communication apparatuscomprises: modulator and demodulator means for modulating ordemodulating a carrier signal having a frequency to be transmitted orreceived over an electrical line; transmitter and receiver means fortransmitting or receiving the modulated carrier signal having thefrequency to or from a coupler means; and coupler means comprisingcapacitor means and air-core transformer means which couples theapparatus to an electrical line.

In accordance with a major aspect of the present invention, an air-coretransformer comprising primary and secondary windings function (withresonating capacitor networks) as a phase shift linear coupler, whichresistively matches the characteristic impedance of the line and reducesnoise at bandwidth. Because the windings (which function as solenoids)create a small static capacitance across an air gap, the secondarywindings along with the static capacitance function as a high passfilter.

The novel air-core coupler has significantly less phase distortion thenthe traditional ferrite or iron couplers. The measured phase distortionsusing the air-core coupler over the power line varies depending on thecarrier frequency. For example, using a 150 Khz carrier frequency and 60Khz bandwidth, the phase distortion has been measured typically lessthan about 30 degrees. Using a 21 MHz carrier frequency and 5 MHzbandwidth, the phase distortion has been measured around 15 degrees. Itis estimated that when the Q is equal to 3 the phase distortion isaround 30 degree; when the Q is equal to 4 the phase distortion isaround 15 degree; when the Q is equal to 5 the phase distortion isaround 10 degree; and when the Q is equal to 6 the phase distortion isless then 10 degrees. Consequently, depending on the speed andmodulation/demodulation technique requirements of the communicationsystem, the air-core coupler can reach much higher communication speedsover an electrical line than the traditional couplers because theair-core coupler is able to provide phase linear communication withoutsubstantial phase distortion.

The novel coupler can be connected to a pair of power lines severalways. The most preferred way is to connect the Ceq capacitor (FIG. 4) tothe power line phase and the air-core coupler primary L1 to the Ceqcapacitor and to the neutral of the power line. It is common-that 120,volt outlets do not always have proper connections to the hot andneutral. The novel coupler capacitor Ceq can be connected to the neutraland the primary inductor L1 to the hot. The novel coupler capacitor Ceqcan also be connected to the neutral and the primary inductor L1 to theground. Furthermore, the novel coupler can be connected between twophases as well as between phase and ground.

The communications apparatus of the present invention has numerousapplications. The most apparent applications are in electricity and gasmeter readings, the switching of remote control devices, and datacommunications between computers or devices including processors overpower lines. By way of example, the present invention makes it possibleto transmit electricity and gas meter readings over power-lines forlarge numbers of customers. Such readings can be transmitted at lowpower, at high data rates, over long distances and directly throughpower line transformers. In a hypothetical system, such readings couldbe made by a computer with addressable data using two frequencies. Thedata travels between a computer at the electric company and any homesconnected to the electric company. The data travels on house 120/240/480volt lines to a distribution 13,800/22,000/69,000 volt lines and throughall associated distribution transformers. In addition, public phonesystems in trains and internal security systems in homes may be set upover high voltage power-lines using addressable data transmitted throughthe phone system.

The present invention can be further utilized to control large or smallmachines in factories or mines. The apparatus of the present inventionhas been used to transmit data between computers and printers at speedsin excess of 9600 baud. Other applications include data transmissionthrough phone lines, coaxial lines and any high voltage DC power lines.

The present invention can even use higher than 30 MHz carrier frequencyfor transmission over the power line. The size of such an air-corecoupler is very small, around 2 to 3 mm primary diameter. For betterstability, the air-core coupler can be placed into low shrinkage resinor molded into non-conductive plastic. Using such air-core ordielectric-core coupler technology, several Mbps of communication speedcan be achieved over the power line, both on low voltage 120V/240 V andhigh voltage, up to 765 KV, lines.

Referring now to the drawings, wherein like numbers designate like orcorresponding parts throughout each of the several views, there is shownin FIGS. 6 and 6A block diagrams of a power-line communication apparatus10 according to the present invention for use in low power applications(up to 480 VAC).

The communications apparatus 10 shown is coupled to a pair ofpower-lines 12. The communications apparatus 10 generally comprisesfirst coupling means 14, first transmitter 16, first receiver 18, andfirst modulator/demodulator means 20. The first transmitter 16, firstreceiver 18, and first modulator/demodulator means 20 comprise a firstmodem means 21. The communications apparatus 10 further comprises, at asecond location along the power-line 12, second coupling means 22,second transmitter 24, second receiver 26, and secondmodulator/demodulator means 28. The combination of the secondtransmitter 24, the second receiver 26 and the secondmodulator/demodulator means 28 comprise a second modem means 23.

As explained in greater detail below, the first and second couplingmeans 14, 22 include a pair of serial LC circuits (FIGS. 7 and 8) whichare coupled to the pair of power-lines 12. Referring to FIGS. 6A, 7 and8, the first and second coupling means 14, 22 are coupled to respectivepower-line transformers 27. Each of the serial LC circuits in- arespective one of the coupling means 14, 22 resonate at a givenfrequency. The LC circuits include a plurality of capacitors which areconnected in a series and parallel configuration. (See also FIG. 4.) Thefirst and second coupling means 14, 22 further incorporate novelair-core transformers, which serve as the inductive (L) component of therespective LC circuits, for both transmission and reception. It is to benoted that while the present invention is being described in the contextof two identical communications apparatus, either LC circuit may beconfigured to function as a simple receiver or transmitter.

The first transmitter 16 is coupled to-the first coupling means 14, andis capable of transmitting digital data signals carried by a firstcarrier frequency FA across the pair of power-lines 12, and as shown inFIG. 6A, through the power line transformers 27. The first receiver 18is coupled to the first coupling means 14, and is capable of receivingdigital data signals carried by a second carrier frequency FE from thepair of power-lines 12. The first modulator/demodulator means 20 iscoupled between the first transmitter 16 and the first receiver 18, andmodulates the digital data signals carried by the first carrierfrequency FA, and demodulates the digital data signals carried by thesecond carrier frequency FB.

In a similar manner, at the second location along the power-lines 12,the second transmitter 24 is coupled to the second coupling means 22.The second transmitter 24 is capable of transmitting the digital datasignals to be carried by the second carrier frequency FB across the pairof power-lines 12, and as shown in FIG. GA through the power-linetransformers 27. The second receiver 26 is coupled to the secondcoupling means 22, and is capable of receiving the digital data signalscarried by the first carrier frequency FA from the pair of power-lines12. The second modulator/demodulator 28 is coupled between the secondtransmitter 24 and the second receiver 26, and modulates the digitaldata signals carried by the second carrier frequency FB and demodulatesthe digital data signals carried by the first carrier frequency FA.

The first and second carrier frequencies FA, FE preferably comprisefrequencies up to about 11 MHZ. For most high voltage, long distancecommunications, the first and second carrier frequencies FA, FB willtypically comprise frequencies that are less than about 160 Khz, havinga bandwidth of less than about 20 Khz. When used for communicationthrough the power line transformers 27, FA and FB will typicallycomprise frequencies below 90 Khz (preferably about 25-45 Khz) with abandwidth of about 6 Khz. The serial LC circuits (FIGS. 7 and 8) of thefirst and second coupling means 14, 22 each comprise resistive matchingmeans, described in greater detail below.

Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, the first coupling means 14 (FIG. 7) andthe second coupling means 22 (FIG. 8) each include a pair of serial LCcircuits 30, 32 which resonate at the carrier frequencies FA, FB. Itwill be appreciated by those skilled in the art that for FSK (FrequencyShift Key) applications FA corresponds to F1 and F2 and FB correspondsto F3 and F4. In FIG. 7, the serial LC circuit 30 a resonates at thesecond carrier frequency FB and the serial LC circuit 32 a resonates atthe first carrier frequency FA. In FIG. 8, the serial LC is circuit 30 bresonates at the first carrier frequency FA, and the serial LC circuit32 b resonates at the first carrier frequency FB.

The LC circuits 30, 32 include respective serially and parallelyconnected capacitor networks 34, 42. In FIG. 7, the capacitor network 34a includes three serially connected capacitors 31 a, each having aparallel connected resistor 45 a and the capacitor network 42 a includesthree serially connected capacitors 33 a, each having a parallelconnected resistor 35 a. In FIG. 8, the capacitor network 34 b includesthree serially connected capacitors 31 b, each having a parallelconnected capacitor: 31 c and a parallel connected resistor 45 b. Thecapacitor network 42 a includes six serially connected capacitors 33 b,each having a parallel connected resistor 35 b. The resistors 35, 45 areprovided to evenly divide down the AC voltage on each capacitor 31, 33,which stabilizes operation, minimizes spiking and affords lightningprotection. Preferably, the resistor values should be rated at 1 Megaohmper 5 Watts and the capacitors 31, 33 should be 200 VAC capacitors. Theresistors 35, 45 should preferably be thick film (i.e. carbonless). TheQ point of the capacitors 31, 33 should similarly be high. In operation,the first and second serial LC circuits 30, 32 should be placed into aresin for good insulation when used with operating voltages up to 660 V.At operating voltages above 660 V, the capacitors 31, 33 should beseparately placed in an oil filled insulator and an associated air coretransformer (described below) placed into a resin.

It is to be appreciated that the capacitor networks 34, 42 createequivalent capacitances Ceq1 and Ceq2 for transmission and reception,respectively. The capacitor networks 34, 42 are connected to air-coretransformers, discussed below, which function as the inductive element(L) of the LC circuit. Ceq1 and Ceq2 resonate with a primary winding ofthe air-core transformers.

The first serial LC circuit 30 also includes a first air coretransformer 36 having a primary winding 38 and a smaller, secondarywinding 40 situated coaxially within the primary winding 38. The secondserial LC circuit 32 includes a second air core transformer 44 having aprimary winding 46 and a smaller, secondary winding 48 situatedcoaxially within the primary winding 46.

The first capacitor network 34 is connected in series between one of thepower-lines 12 and the primary winding 38 of the first air coretransformer 36. The primary winding 38 of the first air core transformer36 is thereafter serially connected to the other power line 12. Thesecondary winding 40 of the first air core transformer 36 is connectedto its respective transmitter 16, 24. The second capacitor network 42 isserially connected between one of power lines 12 and the primary winding46 of the second air core transformer 44. The primary winding 46 of thesecond air core transformer 44 thereafter being serially connected tothe other power line 12. In transmitting data over the power lines, theair-core transformer coupled with the coupling capacitor providesresistive matching to both sides of the power line transformer toestablish a phase shift linear system which reduces coupling lossesthrough the power line transformer.

Referring to FIGS. 9A-9B, the first and second air-core transformers 36,44 of the present invention are described in greater detail. The firstand second air-core transformers 36, 44 have a novel, air coil structurewhich functions as respective inductively and capacitively coupledair-core transformers for both transmission and reception. FIG. 9Aillustrates the first air-core transformer 36, which is connected to thetransmitter 16, 24, respectively, with the coupling capacitor network(Ceq1) 34., As shown in FIG. 9A, the first air-core transformer 36 isconnected in series with Ceq1 and the power line 12. The transformer 36is phase shift linear and comprises the primary winding 38 and thesmaller, coaxial secondary winding 40. The primary winding 38 has awinding diameter 2R 39 which is greater than a diameter of the secondarywinding 2r 41. Accordingly, an air gap is created between the primarywinding 38 and the secondary winding 40. Of particular significance isthe fact that both the primary and secondary windings 38, 40 of thefirst air-core transformer 36 can have about the same number of turns(designated by N1=N2), and are thus at a 1:1 ratio. Accordingly, incontrast to prior art devices, the transmitter 16 does not require ahigh transmission voltage. Further Ceq1 is set to resonate with theprimary winding 38 at the carrier frequency FA, thus creating a bandpass filter at the carrier frequency FA. This maximizes the current atthe carrier frequency FA.

The values of Ceq1 and the resistors 35, 45 are set to generate a largevoltage loss at frequencies less that 10 Khz (thus encompassing 60 Hzand its harmonics). It has been discovered that a deep high pass filter,which is part of a coupler, that can attenuate 60 Hz by over 100 dB,compared to the received signal level, will attenuate significantly 60Hz harmonics. Thus, the significantly reduced 60 Hz signal cannotgenerate a large enough current to pass static capacitance. The staticcapacitance with the secondary winding 40 creates a very deep high passfilter which removes the 60 Hz signal by over 100 dB. That is, fortransmission, the resistivity of the primary coil 38 is roughly equal tothe lowest known value of the characteristic impedance of the power line12.

Referring now to FIG. 9B, the second air-core transformer 44, which isconnected to the receiver 18, is shown. The second air-core transformer44 is connected to the power line 12 by way of Ceq2. As with the firsttransformer 36, the second air-core transformer 44 comprises a phaseshift linear transformer wherein the primary winding 46 has a firstdiameter 2R 47 and the secondary winding 48 has a second diameter 2r 49,with the second diameter 49 being smaller than the first diameter 47such that an air gap is created therebetween, and thus a staticcapacitance, is created between the respective primary and secondarywindings 46, 48. In the second transformer 44, the ratio of the primaryand secondary windings 46, 48 is preferably about 1:1. While this ratiocan be altered or modified, such a change requires a resultantalteration in the size of the air gap, i.e. the relative ratio of 2R and2r. The capacitor network (Ceq2) 42 is set to resonate with the primarywinding 46 at the carrier frequency FB, thus creating a band pass filterat the carrier frequency FB.

In operation, the power line voltage is significantly reduced by thecapacitor network 42 Ceq2 and the resistors 35. Thus, the staticcapacitance with the secondary winding 48 significantly attenuates the60 Hz signal and its harmonics, thus effectively functioning as a highpass filter. The carrier frequency voltage is thereby maximized. Thesecond air-core transformer 44 produces a wider phase linear bandwidththan previous systems. As previously discussed, the bandwidthcharacteristics of the present invention are shown in FIG. 5. For goodreception, the resistivity of the primary winding 46 can be equal orgreater than the lowest characteristic impedance of the power line 12 atthe frequency of interest.

The air-core in the coupling transformer gives negligible pulsedispersion and allows for a low resistive matching at the coupler whichsignificantly reduces the go power line noise at the coupler output overa wide bandwidth establishing a stable amplitude transfer function withlinear phase characteristic over the transmission line. Because of thelow resistive matching of the coupler to the line characteristicimpedance, it eliminates standing waves, which implies that there are noanti-nodes at points on the line situated at odd multiples of lambda/4,(3 lambda/4 etc.) away from the end of the line from which notransmission can occur. The low resistive matching also enablescommunication over long distances.

From a design standpoint, the philosophy is to minimize the 60 Hz linecurrent and its harmonics at the output of the coupling means 14, 22.That is, the receiver coupling contains a capacitor network whichimpedes the 60 Hz high power signal and its harmonics.

For higher voltage power-line coupling the coupling capacitor, Ceq,should have a smaller value:

(f)²(carrier)/(f)²(60 Hz)

ratio determines the V_(carrier)/V_(60Hz) ratio at the output of thecoupling means 14, 22.

Preferably, a higher carrier frequency should be used for higher powerline voltages. V_(carrier) is measured at the pre-selected carrierfrequency at the secondary output of the receiver coupler in Volts.V_(60Hz), measured at the same location of V_(carrier), is the voltageof the 60 Hz.

The above relationships coupled with the capacitive feature of thetransformers 36, 44 serve to block the 60 Hz current. The resistivematching serves to reduce power line noise at the bandwidth of interest.The use of an air-core transformer reduces reflected impedances from thesecondary side as well as from the power line transformer 27 to theprimary side of the air-core transformer. The above makes it possible tocommunicate directly through power line transformers 27.

The theoretical operation of the circuit is seen with reference to FIG.20, an equivalent circuit model for a power-line carrier communicationsystem with matching resistors Rt and Rr. At primary resonation, the LCimpedances will be zero at transmission and reception such that theresistivity of the primary coil Rt matches the characteristic impedanceof the power line. On the receiver side, Rr can be equal or larger thanthe characteristic impedance of the power line. Due to the use of theair-core transformer and resistive matching, the whole power line systemcan be phase shift linearized even through a power line transformer.These relationships facilitate error free and high speed communicationsover long distances. The coupling means 14, 22 are suitable forcommunication in association with a wide range of power-line voltages,including high voltage, low voltage, twisted pair, coaxial, and phoneline communications, as well as for communication directly through powerline transformers.

The coupling means 14, 22 can be applied to LAN (local area network)communications and facilitate communication speeds up to 10 Kilobaud.For LAN communications, the coupling means 14 preferably use a firstcarrier frequency FA of around 75 Khz (81.5 Khz for FSK) and a secondcarrier frequency FB of around 111 Khz (117.5 Khz for FSK) over thepower-lines 12 of up to about 1 KVAC. Preferably, the first capacitornetwork 34 a connected to the first coupling means 14 has a couplingcapacitor equivalent circuit equal to 90 nanofarads. The primary winding38 of the first air core transformer 36 preferably has a coil diameterof 2.2 cm, #26 gauge magnet wire and the secondary winding 40 has a coildiameter of about 1.7 cm, #28 gauge magnet wire. The second capacitornetwork 42 a preferably has an equivalent circuit equal to 15nanofarads. The primary winding 46 of the second air core transformer 44preferably has a diameter of 2.2 cm, #30 gauge magnet wire and thesecondary winding 48 has a coil diameter of about 1.7 cm, #28 gaugemagnet wire.

On the other side of the system, the first capacitor network 34 bconnected to the second coupling means 22 preferably has a couplingcapacitor equivalent circuit equal to 40 nanofarads (which includes thestatic capacitance of the air-core transformer 36). The primary winding38 of the first air core transformer 36 preferably has a coil diameterof 2.2 cm, #26 gauge magnet wire and the secondary winding 40 has a coildiameter of 1.7 cm, #26 gauge magnet wire. The second capacitor network42 b preferably has a coupling capacitance equivalent circuit equal to33 nanofarads. The primary winding 46 of the second air core transformer44 preferably has a coil diameter of about 2.2 cm, #34 gauge magnet wireand the secondary winding 48 has a coil diameter of about 1.7 cm, #30gauge magnet wire.

For duplex operation the resistive matching at the selected frequenciesshould be less than about 1 ohm for transmission and about 3 to about 5ohms for reception. For half duplex operation the resistive matchingshould be about 1 ohm for both transmission and reception. By usingsuitable transistors (described below) in the modulators/demodulators(modems) 20, 28, shown in FIGS. 10A, 11 and 12, for transmitting, thecommunication speed can be increased above 9.6 Kbaud over power, twistedpair, and coaxial lines.

The coupling means 14, 22 are also applicable to high voltage power linecommunication applications in which a 15 KVDC / 4.5 KVAC capacitor canbe used for power-line voltages of up to 765 KV for achievingcommunication speeds up to 9600 baud. In high voltage power linecommunications, first FA and second FE carrier frequencies of 80 Khz and115 Khz, respectively, are preferred, and the connections of the firstcapacitor network 34 and the second capacitor network 42 are somewhatmodified over what is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. For the first couplingmeans 14, the first capacitor network 34 a preferably comprises a 2nanofarad coupling capacitor for 80 Khz transmission and the secondcapacitor network 42 a comprises a 0.5 nanofarad coupling capacitor forreception. It is to be appreciated that the high voltage power linecommunications system will be comparatively large, having a height ofapproximately fifteen feet and will typically be located at a groundstation adjacent to a large high voltage transmission line.

Referring to the air-core transformers 36, 44 for high voltage powerline communications, the primary winding 38 of the first air coretransformer 36 of the first coupling means 14 suitably comprises a coildiameter of 8.9 cm, #24 gauge magnet wire, and the secondary winding 40has a coil diameter of 6.0 cm, #16 gauge magnet wire. The primarywinding 46 of the second air core transformer 44 likewise suitablycomprises a coil diameter of 7.3 cm, #26 gauge magnet wire, and thesecondary winding 48 has a coil diameter of 4.8 cm, #16 gauge magnetwire. The inductance of the primary winding 46 is calculated accordingto the equation:

L=1/4(pi)² f ²Ceq.

The second coupling means 22, under the same circumstances, alsoincludes the first and second capacitor networks 34 b, 42 b. The firstcapacitor network 34 b suitably comprises a 1 nanofarad couplingcapacitor for transmission at 115 Khz, while the second capacitornetwork 42 comprises a 1 nanofarad coupling capacitor for 80 Khzreception. The primary winding 38 of the first air core transformer 36comprises a coil diameter of 8.9 cm, #24 gauge magnet wire and thesecondary winding 40 has a coil diameter of 6.0 cm, #12 gauge magnetwire. The primary winding 46 of the second air transformer 44 likewisesuitably comprises a coil diameter of 8.9 cm, #26 gauge magnet wire andthe secondary winding 48 has a coil diameter of about 6.0 cm, #16 gaugemagnet wire. It will be appreciated that no ferrite transformer is foundwithin the transmitter 16, 24 and the receiver 18, 26 of the presentinvention. It is also possible that no receiver 18, 26 is needed. Theresistive matching for transmission is about 5 ohms and for reception isabout 10 ohms for duplexing operations. A resistive match ofapproximately 1 to 5 ohms is needed for half duplexing operation wheretransmission and reception occurs in several locations.

FIG. 21 is a graphical diagram of power-line attenuation versus carrierfrequencies on a 35 KVAC power line for 20 KM distances. It has beendetermined that a 150 ohm load is inadequate for matching conditions dueto the loss of signals around 40 Khz. It is presently believed that thebest range of communication, as shown by the graph, is from 70 to 160Khz. As the number of transformers 27 on the power line 12 increases,the attenuation of the power line 12 will increase, especially above 100Khz.

Referring now to FIG. 22, the power line communication apparatus 10 mayalso be utilized for communication through power-line transformers, suchas a distribution transformer 126. The coupler means 14, 22 permitcommunication through the transformers 126 at communication speeds ofover 1200 baud. It is to be appreciated that for communication throughthe transformer 126 using FSK, PSK, ASK, FDM or spread spectrum usinghalf-duplex with F₁32 30 Khz and F₂=31.6 Khz, using five 100 nanofarad(4.5 KVAC) capacitors connected serially with 6 megaohm, 5 wattresistors (up to 22 KV power-line), the bandwidth of the coupling means14, 22 will cover the F₁ and F₂ frequencies.

FIG. 9C illustrates an air core transformer 50 for a half-duplex couplerfor data communication through the high voltage side of the distributiontransformers 126. The air core transformer 50 preferably includes threesolenoids (air-coils) having three different diameters. An outer coil 54having a diameter of 6.0 cm, #26 gauge magnet wire, a middle coil 56having a coil diameter of 4.8 cm, #20 gauge magnet wire and an innercoil 58 having a coil diameter of 4.2 cm, #22 gauge magnet wire. Thelargest diameter outer coil 54 is the primary winding which resonateswith the capacitor; the middle coil 56 is the transmitter and/orreceiver coil and the inner coil 58 is the receiver coil (if it isneeded). For reception, the transmitter coil 56 must be uncoupled. Inorder to have transmission, the receiver coil 58 is uncoupled.

On the low power side of the power line distribution transformer 126corresponding to the 120; 240 and 480 V power lines, the apparatus 10can be configured to use the same carrier frequency, with one coupler onthe low voltage side (i.e. a single primary and single secondary). Theair core transformer 50 is coupled to at least one 66 nanofaradcapacitor (500 VAC). In this situation, the primary coil 38 of the firstair core transformer 36 has a diameter of 2.7 cm using #24 gauge magnetwire and the secondary coil 40 has a diameter of 2.2 cm using #26 gaugemagnet wire. According to the present invention, the transmitter 16 andthe receiver 18 do not contain a ferrite transformer. It is alsopossible that no receiver 18 will be needed. Theoretically, a datatransmission rate of higher then 4800 baud can be achieved through powerline transformers over long distances.

It is to be appreciated that the couplers of the present invention willpermit more than one carrier frequency to be simultaneously transmittedthrough the same power line.

Referring now to FIG. 11, the preferred transmitter 16 useful in thepower-line communication of data signals over long distances is shown.The transmitter 16 is utilized in all of the applications of the presentinvention, including transmission through the power line transformers27. The transmitter 16 generally comprises a driver 62 which isconnected to the coupling means 14, 22 by way of their respectiveconnections TFA/B1, TFA/B2. The driver 62 comprises a magnetic coil 64connected transistors 66, 68 and resistors and capacitors, as shown. Thetransistors 66 may comprise a conventional SK3444, while the transistors68 may suitably comprise conventional SK3024. For higher powertransmission, 2N3055 transistors may be utilized instead of SK3024. Theparticular value of each resistor and capacitor shown in FIG. 11 willdepend upon the-specific operating characteristics of the driver 62, butsuch values are readily ascertainable without undue experimentation byone of ordinary skill in the art of electronics. Nevertheless, exemplaryvalues of the resistors and capacitors are shown in FIG. 11. It is alsounderstood that without a ferrite transformer, the transmitter 16 isable to transmit at a high communication speed. The second transmitter24 is constructed similar to the first transmitter 16.

Referring now to FIG. 12, a presently preferred embodiment of thereceiver 18 of the present invention is shown. The receivers 18, 26 areconnected to the respective coupling means 14, 22 by way of theirrespective connections RFA/B, RFA/BGND and RFA/BC. It will be readilyapparent that the receiver 18, 26 is successful at attenuating out ofband noise especially on high voltage power lines. The receiver 18comprises transistors 66 connected to two magnetic coils 64 and aplurality of resistors and capacitors, as shown. Suitable transistors 66comprise conventional SK3444. The particular value for each resistor andcapacitor shown in FIG. 12 depends upon specific operatingcharacteristics of the receiver 18, but such values are readilyascertainable without undue experimentation by one of ordinary skill inthe art of electronics. Nevertheless, exemplary values of the resistorsand capacitors are shown in FIG. 12. A key feature of the receiver 18 isthe inclusion of a potentiometer 75 with which a bandpass filterreceiver bandwidth-can be changed. The receiver 18 also includes a notchfilter 79 coupled to one of the magnetic coils 64 a (band pass filter)which filters out transmission frequencies on the same side of thetransmission as the receiver 18. It will be appreciated that thereceiver 26 is constructed in a manner similar to the receiver 18.

FIG. 12A shows an additional receiver 18 a which can be utilized between120V and 240V including FSK, and which is particularly suited for lowvoltage LAN communications. In the receiver 18 a, C₁ and R₁ are used forF1; and C₃ and R₂ are used for F2 in a high pass configuration. In a lowpass configuration, C₂ and L₁ are used for F1 and C₄ and L₂ are used forF2. The receiver 18 a further utilizes a notch filter 83 coupled to aband pass filter 85 which filters out transmission frequencies. It isappreciated that by using no receiver or a modified receiver which doesnot contain a ferrite transformer the communication speed can besignificantly increased.

The modulation and demodulation of the data signals is now describedwith reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B. FIG. 10A illustrates themodulator/demodulator means 20. The modulator/demodulator 20 ispreferably an FM modulator/demodulator circuit comprising an XR-2211 FSKdemodulator 97, an XR-2207 FSK generator 99, and a MAX232 computerinput/output interface 101 and associated resistors-and capacitors,connected as shown. The values for R₀, C₀, C₁, C₂, C₃, and C₄ areutilized to alter the carrier frequencies (FA and FB). The values of C₁,R₃, and R₄ are varied to alter the FA and FB carrier frequencies.Representative values of the resistors and capacitors are provided inthe drawing.

FIG. 10B illustrates an alternative FM modulator and demodulator (modem)20 a which is preferred for high frequency communication for LAN andphone line communication. The modem 20 a comprises a XR-210 FSKdemodulator 103, an XR-2207 FSK generator 105 and a MAX232 computerinput/output interface 107, along with associated resistors andcapacitors. The values for R₀, C₀, c₁, C₂, C₃, and C₄ are utilized toalter the carrier frequencies (FA and FB) and the values of C₁, R₃ andR₄ are varied to alter the FA and FB carrier frequencies.

FIGS. 10C and 10D illustrate additional modulator/demodulator circuits20 b, 20 c which can be utilized in the present invention. FIG. 10Cshows an FSK decoder using a 565 interface 109. A loop filter capacitoris chosen to set the proper overshoot on the output and a three-stage RCladder filter is used to remove the noise frequency component. As shownin FIG. 10D, another FSK chip, an XR2211 chip 111, can be used todemodulate and an XR2207 (not shown) can be used for modulation.

Practically speaking, the stability of air-core couplers is improved byplacing the primary and secondary coils into plastic or resin. However,even then, the, stability of the frequency characteristic response ofthe couplers measured over the power line can vary by a couple ofpercent in different locations. In order to assure the same high speedcommunication in every outlet (in an AC wiring scheme), according to thepresent invention, the carrier frequency is movable. Dynamically movingthe carrier frequency allows the widest linear response to the couplersto be determined and selected. Referring now to FIG. 10E, the power linecommunication apparatus 10 for transmitting data over the power orelectrical lines 12 comprises first and second couplers 14, 22 connectedbetween the power lines 12 and respective modems 2i, 23. In order tomove the carrier frequency of the signal transmitted over the power line12, the modems 21, 23 include a processor 80, a mixer 82, a synthesizer84, a digital signal processor (DSP) 85, an A/D converter 86, a D/Aconverter 87, filters 88 and amplifiers 89. Although it is presentlypreferred to use the DSP 85, the logical functions performed by the DSP85 could also be implemented using other means, such as a Field.Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The synthesizer 84 may comprise thelocal oscillator of the mixer 82 and the local oscillator frequency canbe varied. For example, using Phase Shift Keying (PSK), such as QPSK, or16 QAM, the carrier frequency can be varied every 500 KHz from about 18Mhz to about 25 Mhz in order to achieve transmission speeds of about 10Mbps. The first and second modems 21, 23 perform a handshaking procedureto determine the carrier frequency which will be used for datatransmission. That is, the first or transmitting modem 21 transmits thecarrier frequencies in sequence before actual data transmission begins.The second or destination modem 23 knows the actual sequence andreceives some of the transmitted carrier frequencies depending on thebest phase linearity of the power line 12 and the power line outlets(not shown) and on interference. The second modem 23 then transmits backto the first modem 21 information concerning the frequency with theleast interference or noise (i.e. the best transmission frequency forthe given power line 12), thereby informing the first modem 21 of theselected carrier frequency. The modems 21, 23 then communicate at theselected carrier frequency. In the case where no data is being received,the carrier frequency selection sequence is reinitiated. In this manner,the best linear response of the couplers 14, 22 is determined andinterference is avoided. As will be understood by those of ordinaryskill in the art, Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying(FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Time Shift Keying (TSK), spreadspectrum or any other suitable modulation technique can be used.

Referring now to FIGS. 18 and 19, two complete modem configurationswhich can be utilized in the present invention for the first and secondmodulators/demodulators 20, 28 are shown. FIG. 18 is a schematic blockdiagram of a spread spectrum transmission and receiver modem 200. As isknown by those of ordinary skill in the art, the spread spectrum modem200 includes a clock 202, clock divider circuits 204, 206, a randomnumber generator 208, a filter 210 and a balanced modulator 212. Thefirst clock divider 204 receives a 28 MHz clock signal from the clock202 and divides the clock signal by four, generating a 7 MHz signal 205.The 7 MHz signal 205 is output from the first clock divider 204 andtransmitted to the second clock divider 206 and to the filter 210. Thesecond clock divider 206 divides the 7 MHz signal 205 by two, producinga 3.5 MHz signal 207, which is provided to the random number generator208. The output of the random number generator 208 is gated with thedata to be transmitted with a logic gate 214 and provided to themodulator 212. The filter 210 produces a 7 MHz sine wave signal 211which is also provided to the modulator 212, which produces a spreadspectrum output signal 213.

The spread spectrum modem 200 transmits several different modulatedcarrier frequencies separately or simultaneously. The modulationtechnique can include ASK, FSK, PSK or TSK. Normally, seven ASKmodulated carrier frequencies are transmitted separately in a sequence.This technology assumes that at least four modulated carrier frequenciesout of seven will contain the same information, which will be thecorrect information.

FIG. 18A is a schematic block diagram of a power line spread spectrumreceiver 220 which includes a clock 222 like the clock 202 forgenerating a 28 MHz clock signal 223, a clock divider 224 for dividingthe clock signal 223 by 2 to produce both complements of a 14 MHz clocksignal, a pair of shift registers 226, 228 and respective multipliers230, 232, an integrator 234 and a flywheel circuit 236. The receiver 220is conventional. Such receivers are understood by those of ordinaryskill in the art and accordingly, a detailed description of the receiver220 is not required for a complete understanding of the presentinvention. Moreover, although the present invention may be implementedusing spread spectrum technology, spread spectrum modulation is notpreferred due to a number of drawbacks presently associated with suchtechnology. For instance, as opposed to other modulation techniques, thebandwidth required is too, large, it is sensitive to interference, andis regulated by the government for emission testing above 1.7 Mhzcarrier frequency.

FIG. 19 illustrates a phase shift keying (PSK) transceiver modem circuit240 particularly applicable for phone line and LAN communications. ThePSK modem circuit 240 includes an XR 2123 modulator/demodulator 242, anXR2208 Operation Multiplier 244, a DM74193 synchronous up/down counter246, a carrier filter circuit 248, a full wave rectifier circuit 250,and a 1200 Hz baud filter circuit 252. The modem circuit 240 essentiallycomprises an analog PSK modulation modem for telephone applications. ThePSK modem circuit 240 requires a smaller bandwidth for communicationthan an FSK modem because it uses only one carrier frequency whilechanging sine and cosine waves. The PSK technique is preferred for thepresent invention because the present invention has very good phaselinearity within the pre-selected band and a higher order phase shiftkeying technique (QPSK, 16 QAM) needs smaller bandwidth than a FSK orASK technique. On the other hand, the difficulties with this technique,as compared to FSK, are the synchronization of the receiver and the needfor a higher signal to noise ratio. Nevertheless, the PSK modulationtechnique is the most preferred technique for practicing the presentinvention.

OPERATIONAL EXAMPLE

The particular attributes of the power line communication apparatus 10are illustrated in view of the following comprehensive example describedwith reference to FIGS. 22-25. The example utilizes most of the couplerconfigurations and modems discussed above and illustrates how thecommunications apparatus 10 is utilized in a comprehensive system usingLAN, phone line, high voltage and low voltage power line communications,as well as communication through power line transformers.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example of the couplers of the present inventionas they may be utilized by an electric power public utility for readinghome power meters. In this example, each house 119 receiving electricpower from utility would have a modem 121 and air coil transmitter andreceiver coupler circuit 123 in accordance with the present inventioncoupled to the electricity meter 125. The coupler 23 connects to the 240low voltage distribution transformer 126, via low voltage lines,situated on a utility pole 127 located adjacent to the house 119. Thecouplers 23 have the low voltage configuration which is capable ofcommunicating through power line transformers as discussed above. Thesystem utilizes the transmitters, receivers, modulators/demodulators, ormodem circuits disclosed in FIGS. 10A, 11 and 12. The distributiontransformer 126 is connected to one of the three 13.2 KV power lines 129on the utility pole 127.

At the other end of the system situated at a local substation 131, asecond substation modem 133 is connected to one of three couplers 135 inaccordance with the present invention. The couplers 135 are preferablyencased in resin or a polymeric material, as disclosed above, andpreferably have the high voltage side transformer configuration of FIG.9C. The substation 133 is connected via a coupler 137 to a centralcomputer 139 of the utility (such as a VAX computer) via phone lines.The substation 131 and the computer 139 communicate over the power orphone line at rates up to 10 Kbaud as set forth herein using the highspeed couplers and appropriate high speed modems.

When the utility desires to read a meter, the computer 139 issues anaddressable command which is transmitted via a master modem 141 and thecoupler 137 to the particular substation at speeds up to 10 Kbaud overthe power or phone lines 138. The substation then transmits anaddressable command to a particular meter via the modem and thecouplers. The command is transmitted over the 13.2 KV line at speeds upto 1200 baud, through the distribution transformer, the home couplers123 and the modem 121. A meter reading is recorded, transmitted by thehome modem 121 through the couplers 123, through the distributiontransformer 126, over the 13.2 KV power line 129 to the appropriatesubstation coupler 135, and to the substation modem 133. The system onlyrequires between one and ten watts for power transmission in bothdirections.

From the substation, the meter reading may be transmitted viaconventional phone lines 138 to the computer 139. Additionally, as shownin FIG. 22A, the high speed LAN couplers of the present invention couldbe used within the utility to connect local workstations to the computer139. For example, a clerical worker situated at a workstation may accessthe computer 139 through the power lines of the facility via modems andhigh speed LAN or phone line couplers.

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of an expanded system which may be utilizedby a public utility to meter a multiplicity of substations. In thisembodiment the computer 139 simultaneously reads a large number ofmeters via a master modem and multiplexer coupled to a multiplicity ofcouplers 143. As shown, the computer 139 communicates with eachsubstation (1, 2, 3, etc.) over conventional phone lines. The respectivesubstations then communicate with the individual meters at 1200 baud viathe high voltage distribution line and through the distributiontransformers.

FIG. 24 is a simplified block diagram of the communication system ofFIG. 22. FIG. 25 is a block diagram of how the couplers of the presentinvention can be utilized to communicate through two power linetransformers 145 and through a three phase large transformer 147. Inthis configuration, the couplers comprise low voltage couplers designedfor communication through power line transformers as discussed above. Itis to be noted that the couplers of the present invention permitsimultaneous transmission and reception of more than one carrierfrequency through the couplers. Hence, the couplers can besimultaneously utilized by an electric public utility for electric meterreading at a first frequency while a public water utility utilizes thecouplers at a second carrier frequency for water meter reading.

A final consideration of the present invention is the connection of theapparatus to a three phase power line. FIG. 13 illustrates the generalcase of coupling the apparatus 10 to the power line, phase to ground. Inthis format, the carrier frequency is undetectable by other phase-groundcoupling connections and each phase is isolated from each other forcommunication purposes.

FIG. 14 illustrates a special three phase coupling connection to thepower line, 3 phases to ground. This system utilizes all three phasesfrom the power line and ground for communication. In this case, thecarrier frequency is detectable on any phase-ground coupling connection.In this manner, the phases are interconnected for communicatingpurposes.

FIG. 15 illustrates a special two phase coupling. connection to thepower line, phase to phase 147. This system utilizes two phases from thepower line for communication. The carrier frequency is detectable onlyon the two phase coupling connection. In this configuration, only thecoupled two phases are connected from communication purposes.

FIG. 16 illustrates a three phase transformer coupling around delta andY (Wye) transformers 149. This coupling system is generally utilized inEurope. The carrier frequency is detectable on the other power line. Inthis manner, two different high voltage power lines are connected toeach other for communication purposes.

FIG. 17 illustrates a one phase transformer coupling which is generallyused in the United States. The carrier frequency is detectable on theother power line. Accordingly, two different high voltage power linesare connected to each other for communication purposes.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could bemade to the embodiments described above without departing from the broadinventive concept thereof. It is to be understood, therefore, that thisinvention is not limited to the particular embodiment disclosed, but itis intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of thepresent invention as defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A communications apparatus for communicatingelectrical signals through an electrical line having a characteristicimpedance comprising: modulator means for modulating the electricalsignals to produce a modulated carrier signal having a first preselectedfrequency; transmitter means having an output impedance, electricallyconnected to said modulator means for transmitting the modulated carriersignal; and first coupler means connected between the electrical lineand the transmitter means for matching the output impedance of saidtransmitter means to the characteristic impedance of the electrical lineand for communicating the modulated carrier signal to the electricalline without substantial phase distortion; and said first couplerincluding a transformer having a non-magnetic core.
 2. Thecommunications apparatus in accordance with claim 1 wherein saidtransformer is an air core transformer.
 3. A communications apparatusfor communicating electrical signals through an electrical line having acharacteristic impedance comprising: modulator means for modulating theelectrical signals to produce a modulated carrier signal having a firstpreselected frequency; transmitter means having an output impedance,electrically connected to said modulator means for transmitting themodulated carrier signal; first coupler means connected between theelectrical line and the transmitter means for matching the outputimpedance of said transmitter means to the characteristic impedance ofthe electrical line, said first coupler means comprising linear phasemeans for communicating the modulated carrier signal to the electricalline without significant phase distortion and capacitor means forresonating with the linear phase means at the first preselectedfrequency; receiver means having an input impedance for receiving themodulated carrier signal; demodulator means electrically connected tosaid receiver means for demodulating said modulated carrier signal toproduce a demodulated carrier signal having a second preselectedfrequency; and second coupler means connected between the electricalline and the receiver means for matching the input impedance of saidreceiver means to the characteristic impedance of the electrical line,said second coupler means comprising linear phase means forcommunicating the modulated carrier signal to the receiver means withoutsignificant phase distortion and capacitor means for resonating with thelinear phase means at the second preselected frequency; and said linearphase means of said first and second coupler means comprising anair-core transformer.
 4. A communications apparatus for couplingelectric signals to an electric line having a characteristic impedancecomprising: a modulator adapted to modulate electric signals to producea modulated carrier signal at a first frequency; a transmitter having anoutput impedance electrically connected to said modulator fortransmitting the modulated carrier signal; a coupler adapted forconnection between the electric line and the transmitter for matchingthe output impedance of said transmitter to the characteristic impedanceof the electric line and for coupling the modulated carrier signal tothe electric line without substantial phase distortion; said couplerincluding a transformer having a non-magnetic core.
 5. Thecommunications apparatus in accordance with claim 4 wherein saidtransformer is an air core transformer.
 6. The communications apparatusin accordance with claim 4 wherein said electric line is a telephoneline.
 7. The communications apparatus in accordance with claim 4 whereinsaid electric line is a DC power line.
 8. The communications apparatusin accordance with claim 4 wherein said electric line is an AC powerline.
 9. The communications apparatus in accordance with claim 4 whereinsaid electric line is a co-axial line.
 10. The communications apparatusin accordance with claim 4 wherein said electric line is a DC electricline.
 11. The communications apparatus in accordance with claim 4wherein said electric line is an AC electric line.
 12. Thecommunications apparatus in accordance with claim 4 wherein saidelectric line is a twisted pair.
 13. A communications apparatus forcommunicating electric signals through an electric line having acharacteristic impedance, said apparatus including: a transmitter fortransmitting a carrier signal, said transmitter being adapted to beelectrically connected to the electric line; and a coupler for matchingthe output impedance of the transmitter to the characteristic impedanceof the electrical line and coupling the carrier signal to the electricline without substantial phase distortion; said coupler coming atransformer having a non-magnetic core.
 14. The communication apparatusof claim 13 wherein said coupler further comprises a capacitor connectedin series with the primary of the non-magnetic transformer, saidcapacitor being configured to resonate with the transformer primary atthe carrier signal frequency.
 15. The communications apparatus inaccordance with claim 14 wherein a resistor is connected in parallelwith the capacitor.
 16. A communication apparatus for communicatingelectrical signals through an electric line having a characteristicimpedance, the apparatus comprising: modulator means for modulating theelectrical signals to produce a modulated carrier signal having apreselected frequency; transmitter means having an output impedanceconnected to the modulator means for transmitting the modulated carriersignal; and transmitter coupler means adapted to be connected betweenthe electric line and the transmitter means for matching the outputimpedance of the transmitter means to the characteristic impedance ofthe electric line, the coupler means comprising linear phase means forcommunicating the modulated carrier signal to the electric line withoutsubstantial phase distortion and capacitor means for resonating with thelinear phase means at the preselected frequency; said linear phase meanscomprising an non-magnetic air core transformer means comprising aprimary coil having a first diameter, and a secondary coil having asecond smaller diameter, the secondary coil extending coaxially withinthe primary coil such that an air gap is created between the primary andthe secondary coils.
 17. A communications apparatus for couplingelectrical signals to an electric line having a characteristic impedancecomprising: a modulator adapted to modulate electrical signals toproduce a modulated carrier signal at a first frequency; a transmitterhaving an output impedance electrically connected to said modulator fortransmitting the modulated carrier signal; a coupler adapted forconnection between the electric line and the transmitter for matchingthe output impedance of said transmitter to the characteristic impedanceof the electric line and coupling the modulated carrier signal to theelectric line without substantial phase distortion; said couplerincluding a transformer having a non-magnetic core; said transformerincluding a primary coil having a first diameter; and a secondary coilhaving a diameter smaller than the diameter of the primary coil, saidsecondary coil being positioned coaxially within said primary coil suchthat a non-magnetic gap is created between said primary and saidsecondary coils; and a capacitor for electrical connection between saidprimary coil and the electric line, wherein said primary coil and saidcapacitor are matched to the characteristic impedance of the electricline at a preselected frequency bandwidth.
 18. A communicationsapparatus for coupling electric signals to an electric line having acharacteristic impedance comprising: a modulator adapted to modulateelectric signals to produce a modulated carrier signal; a transmitterfor transmitting the modulated carrier signal; a coupler adapted forconnection between the electric line and the transmitter, said couplercomprising a transformer with a non-magnetic core, the primary of saidtransformer being connected in series with a capacitor network, saidcapacitor network being configured to resonate with the transformerprimary at the transmitter's carrier signal frequency so the couplerprovides a resistive impedance matched to the characteristic impedanceof the electric line.
 19. The communications apparatus of claim 18wherein the capacitor network includes at least one capacitor connectedin parallel with a resistor.
 20. A communication apparatus for couplingelectric signals through an electric line having characteristicimpedance comprising: a modulator adapted to modulate electric signalsto produce a modulated carrier signal; a transmitter for transmitting amodulated carrier signal; a coupler adapted for connection between theelectric line and the transmitter, said coupler comprising a transformerwith a non-magnetic core, the primary of said transformer beingconnected in series with a capacitor network, said capacitor networkbeing configured to resonate with the transformer primary at thetransmitter's carrier signal frequency; whereby any impedance change inthe primary winding of the transformer does not reflect to the secondarywinding of the transformer and any impedance change in the secondarywinding of the transformer does not reflect to the primary transformer.21. A communications apparatus for coupling electric signals to anelectric line having a characteristic impedance comprising: a modulatoradapted to modulate electric signals to produce a modulated carrier asignal at a carrier signal frequency; a transmitter having an outputimpedance electrically connected to said modulator for transmitting themodulated carrier signal; coupler means adapted for connection betweenthe electric line and the transmitter for matching the output impedanceof said transmitter to the characteristic impedance of the electric lineand for coupling the modulated carrier signal to the electric linewithout substantial phase distortion; said coupler means including acapacitive transformer comprising a primary coil having a firstdiameter, and a secondary coil having a second diameter, the primarycoil and secondary coil being coaxial with each other and spaced apartsuch that there is a dielectric gap and static capacitance between theprimary and secondary coils whereby the coils are both capacitively andinductively coupled to each other; and a capacitor connected to theprimary coil, said primary coil and capacitor being impedance matched tothe characteristic frequency of the electric line at the carrierfrequency.
 22. A communications apparatus for coupling electric signalsto an electric line having a characteristic impedance comprising: amodulator adapted to modulate electric signals to produce a modulatedcarrier signal at a carrier signal frequency; a transmitter having anoutput impedance electrically connected to said modulator fortransmitting the modulated carrier signal; a coupler adapted forconnection between the electric line and the transmitter for matchingthe output impedance of said transmitter to the characteristic impedanceof the electric line and coupling the modulated carrier signal to theelectric line without substantial phase distortion; said couplerincluding a capacitive transformer having a dielectric core; saidtransformer including a primary coil having a first diameter and asecondary coil having a second diameter different from the diameter ofthe primary coil, said secondary coil being positioned coaxially withsaid primary coil such that there is a dielectric gap and staticcapacitance between the primary and secondary coils whereby the coilsare both capacitively and inductively coupled to each other; and acapacitor for electrical connection between the primary coil and theelectric line, the primary coil and the capacitor being impedancematched to the characteristic impedance of the electric line.
 23. Acommunications apparatus for coupling electric signals to an electricline having a characteristic impedance comprising: a modulator adaptedto modulate electric signals to produce a modulated carrier signal at acarrier signal frequency; a transmitter having an output impedanceelectrically connected to said modulator for transmitting the modulatedcarrier signal; a coupler adapted for connection between the electricline and the transmitter for matching the output impedance of saidtransmitter to the characteristic impedance of the electric line andcoupling the modulated carrier signal to the electric line withoutsubstantial phase distortion; said coupler including a transformerexhibiting both inductive and capacitive coupling between its primarywinding and secondary winding, said primary winding being separated fromsaid secondary winding by a dielectric core; a capacitor connected tothe primary winding for impedance matching of the coupler to theelectric line at the characteristic impedance of the electric line, andsaid secondary winding being impedance matched to the output impedanceof the transmitter.